UPTON, NY – In deep space, protons are the most abundant type of charged particle. Therefore, before astronauts can safely travel far from Earth for long periods of time, it is important to know how ...

When we gaze up at the night sky, we often marvel at the twinkling stars, distant planets, and expansive galaxies. Yet, beyond the visible spectrum lies a more mysterious aspect of the cosmos—cosmic ...

Space is a harsh environment. We’re all familiar with the big risks from television – asteroids, solar flares, lack of air, extreme temperatures, and the occasional testy alien ships. What we don’t ...

The Martian radiation environment is characterised by a complex interplay between primary cosmic radiation and secondary particles generated through interactions with the thin Martian atmosphere and ...