Oxidative stress induced by 6-OHDA stimulates autophagy flux, which enhances STX17-mediated autolysosome formation, leading to the degradation of autophagosomal contents. However, in response to ...

Cells have sophisticated methods of sensing stimuli and communicating with nearby cells in response to these stimuli. For example, macrophages can sense environmental stimuli—tissue damage, foreign ...

Unconventional protein secretion mechanisms represent a significant deviation from the classical endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi pathway. These alternative routes enable proteins—often lacking a ...

Cell signaling pathways contain a wide range of secreted proteins and cytokines, and correctly quantifying these molecules is critical for basic research and therapeutic development. The role of the ...