Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) represent a critical component in the operation of fuel cells, acting as electrolytes that facilitate the selective conduction of protons while simultaneously serving ...

Fuel cells are compact energy conversion units that utilize clean energy sources like hydrogen and convert them into electricity through a series of oxidation–reduction reactions. Specifically, proton ...

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is regarded as one of the most promising energy conversion systems, which has high social and economic benefits and good environmental protection advantages ...